FINLAND
March 13th, 2010 | 
Author: 
The Republic of Finland, the third northernmost state of the European continent, has an area of 130,559 sq. mi. (338,127 sq. km.) and a population of 5.1 million. Capital: Helsinki. Lumbering, shipbuilding, metal and woodworking are the leading industries. Paper, timber, wood pulp, plywood and metal products are exported.
The Finns, who probably originated in the Volga region of Russia, took Finland from the Lapps late in the 7th century. They were conquered in the 12th century by Eric IX of Sweden, and brought into contact with Western Christendom. In 1809, Sweden was conquered by Alexander I of Russia, and the peace terms gave Finland to Russia which became a grand duchy, with autonomy, within the Russian Empire until Dec. 6, 1917, when, shortly after the Bolshevik revolution it declared its independence. After a brief but bitter civil war between the Russian communists and Finnish nationalists in which the Whites (nationalists) were victorious, a new constitution was adopted, and on Dec. 6, 1917 Finland was established as a republic. In 1939 Soviet troops attacked Finland over disputed territorial concessions which were later granted in the peace treaty of 1940. When the Germans invaded Russia, Finland became involved and in the Armistice of 1944 lost the Petsamo area to the Soviets.
RULER
Nicholas II, 1894-1917
MONETARY SYSTEM
100 Pennia = 1 Markka
Commencing 1963
100 Old Markka = 1 New Markka
MINT MARKS
H – Birmingham 1921
Heart (h) – Copenhagen 1922
No mm – Helsinki
M – 1987-2006
Fl – FINLAND – 2007-
MINT OFFICIALS’ INITIALS
| Letter | Date | Name |
| H | 1948-1958 | Peippo Uolevi Helle |
| H-M | 1990 | Raimo Heino & Raimo Makkonen |
| K | 1976-1983 | Timo Koivuranta |
| K-H | 1977, 1979 | Timo Koivuranta & Heikki Haivaoja (Designer) |
| K-M | 1983 | Timo Koivuranta & Pertti Makinen |
| K-N | 1978 | Timo Koivuranta & Antti Neuvonen |
| K-T | 1982 | Timo Koivuranta & Erja Tielinen |
| L | 1885-1912 | Johan Conrad Lihr |
| L | 1948 | Vesa Uolevi Liuhto |
| L-M | 1991 | Arto Lappalainen & Raimo Makkonen |
| L-M | 2000 | Maija Lavonen & Raimo Makkonen |
| M | 1987 | Raimo Makkonen |
| M-G | 1998 | Raimo Makkonen & Henrik Gummerus |
| M-L | 1997 | Raimo Makkonen & Tero Lounas |
| M-L-L | 1995 | Raimo Makkonen & Arto Lappalainen & Marita Lappalainen |
| M-L-M | 1989 | Marjo Lahtinen & Raimo Makkonen |
| M-O | 1998 | Raimo Makkonen & Harri Ojala |
| M-S | 1992, 1997 | Raimo Makkonen & Erkki Salmela |
| N | 1983-1987 | Tapio Nevalainen |
| P-M | 1989-1991, 1994-1995, 1997, 2000 | Reijo Paavilainen & Raimo Makkonen |
| P-N | 1985 | Reijo Paavilainen & Tapio Nevalainen |
| P-V-M | 1999 | Juhani Pallasmaa, Jukka Veistola & Raimo Makkonen |
| R-M | 1999 | Jarkko Roth & Raimo Makkonen |
| S | 1912-1947 | Isak Gustaf Sundell |
| S | 1958-1975 | Allan Alarik Soiniemi |
| S-H | 1967-1971 | Allan Alarik Soiniemi & Heikki Haivaoja (Designer) |
| S-J | 1960 | Allan Alarik Soiniemi & Toivo Jaatinen |
| S-M | 1995 | Terho Sakki & Raimo Makkonen |
| T-M | 1996, 2000 | Erja Tielinen & Raimo Makkonen |
| J-M | 2002 | Toivo Jaatinen & Raimo Makkonen |
| L-M | 2000-03 | Maija Lavonen & Raimo Makkonen |
| K-M | 2004 | Heli Kauhanen & Raimo Makkonen |
| K-M | 2005-2006 | Tapio Kettunen & Raimo Makkonen |
| M-M | 2002-2006 | Pertti Mäkinen & Raimo Makkonen |
| N-M | 2001 | Antti Neuvonen & Raimo Makkonen |
| P-M | 2003 | Matti Peltokangas & Raimo Makkonen |
| P-M | 2001, 2005-07 | Reijo Paavilainen & Raimo Makkonen |
| S-M | 2003 | Anneli Sigriläinen & Raimo Makkonen |
| V-V-M | 2002 | Erkki Vainio & Hannu Veijalainen & Raimo Makkonen |
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