LUXEMBOURG
March 15th, 2010 | 
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The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is located in western Europe between Belgium, Germany and France, has an area of 1,103 sq. mi. (2,586 sq. km.) and a population of 377,100. Capital: Luxembourg. The economy is based on steel.
Founded about 963, Luxembourg was a prominent country of the Holy Roman Empire; one of its sovereigns became Holy Roman Emperor as Henry VII, 1308. After being made a duchy by Emperor Charles IV, 1354, Luxembourg passed under the domination of Burgundy, Spain, Austria and France, 1443-1815, regaining autonomy under the Treaty of Vienna, 1815, as a grand duchy in union with the Netherlands, though ostensibly a member of the German Confederation. When Belgium seceded from the Kingdom of the Netherlands, 1830, Luxembourg was forced to cede its greater western section to Belgium. The tiny duchy left the German Confederation in 1867 when the Treaty of London recognized it as an independent state and guaranteed its perpetual neutrality. Luxembourg was occupied by Germany and liberated by American troops in both World Wars.
RULERS
Adolphe, 1890-1905
William IV, 1905-1912
Marie Adelaide, 1912-1919
Charlotte, 1919-1964
Jean, 1964-2000
Henri, 2000-
MINT MARKS
A – Paris
(b) – Brussels, privy marks only
H – Gunzburg
(n) – lion – Namur
(u) – Utrecht, privy marks only
PRIVY MARKS
Angel's head, two headed eagle – Brussels
Sword, Caduceus – Utrecht (1846-74 although struck at Brussels until 1909)
NOTE: Beginning in 1994 the letters “qp” for quality proof appear on Proof coins.
MONETARY SYSTEM
100 Centimes = 1 Franc
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