The United States of Mexico, located immediately south of the United States has an area of 759,529 sq. mi. (1,967,183 sq. km.) and an estimated population of 100 million. Capital: Mexico City. The economy is based on agriculture, manufacturing and mining. Oil, cotton, silver, coffee, and shrimp are exported.
   Mexico was the site of highly advanced Indian civilizations 1,500 years before conquistador Hernando Cortes conquered the wealthy Aztec empire of Montezuma, 1519-21, and founded a Spanish colony, which lasted for nearly 300 years. During the Spanish period, Mexico, then called New Spain, stretched from Guatemala to the present states of Wyoming and California, its present northern boundary having been established by the secession of Texas during 1836 and the war of 1846-48 with the United States.
   Independence from Spain was declared by Father Miguel Hidalgo on Sept. 16, 1810, (Mexican Independence Day) and was achieved by General Agustin de Iturbide in1821. Iturbide became emperor in 1822 but was deposed when a republic was established a year later. For more than fifty years following the birth of the republic, the political scene of Mexico was characterized by turmoil, which saw two emperors (including the unfortunate Maximilian), several dictators and an average of one new government every nine months passing swiftly from obscurity to oblivion. The land, social, economic and labor reforms promulgated by the Reform Constitution of Feb. 5, 1917 established the basis for sustained economic development and participative democracy that have made Mexico one of the most politically stable countries of modern Latin America.

REPUBLIC
Second

MINT MARKS
A, AS – Alamos
CE – Real de Catorce
CA,CH – Chihuahua
C, Cn, Gn(error) – Culiacan
D, Do – Durango
EoMo – Estado de Mexico
Ga – Guadalajara
GC – Guadalupe y Calvo
G, Go – Guanajuato
H, Ho – Hermosillo
M, Mo – Mexico City
O, OA – Oaxaca
SLP, PI, P, I/P – San Luis Potosi
Z, Zs – Zacatecas

ASSAYERS’ INITIALS
CULIACAN MINT
Initials Years Mint Officials
JQ, Q 1899-1903 Jesus S. Quiroz
FV, V 1903 Francisco Valdez
MH, H 1904 Merced Hernandez
RP, P 1904-05 Ramon Ponce de Leon

MEXICO CITY MINT
   Because of the great number of assayers for this mint (Mexico City is a much larger mint than any of the others ) there is much confusion as to which initial stands for which assayer at any one time. Therefore we feel that it would be of no value to list the assayers.

ZACATECAS MINT
Initials Years Mint Officials
FZ 1886-1905 Francisco de P. Zarate
FM 1904-05 Francisco Mateos

DECIMAL COINAGE
100 Centavos = 1 Peso

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